Industrial Pollution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Industrial Pollution - Essay Example people engage in such as dumping plastics are all part of massive chain reaction that ultimately results in the destruction or decimation of millions of lives both human and animal world over. Inevitably, every form of pollution has an impact on the environment and the animals in it, the effects may range from minor discomfort to serious conditions such as cancer and physical deformities. Industrial pollution contributes to the greenhouse effect that results in climate change disrupting weather patterns resulting to widespread famine, and it is the leading cause of health and enviromental challenges affecting animals and plants resulting in ill health and even death. The seepage of pollutant matter from industries is without doubt the biggest threat to human health with the pollution of water air and land resulting in illness and loss of life on a massive scale. Studies have proven the existence of a direct connection between outdoor air pollution and hospital admission records, showing that within every 10 micrograms of particulate matter in the air, the risk of respiratory conditions like lung cancer go up by 1%. Over 1.2 billion people have no access to clean water because of the high levels of pollutant matter in water bodies. The consequence has been that waterborne infections account for a significant fraction of the infectious diseases, it is approximated that over 5 million people, half of whom are children die from unsanitary living conditions directly attributed to the pollution of their environment (Briggs, 2014). While conceding that the impacts of industrial pollution are very serious, it is not too late to take preventive actions. This can be achieved through collaboration by the shareholders who are in this case; governments, citizens and the corporates that mostly run the suspect industries. Firstly, the policies for reducing the amounts of emissions as well as regulating waste disposal more so in landfills and other water bodies should be

Peer pressure on children Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Peer pressure on children - Research Paper Example According to (Perkins, P.178), children associate with group due different factors such as companionship and to be associated by a specific group. Similar factors which include seeking attention from parent and peers, companionship, to rebel against parents and due to personal attributes have been stated by Zolten and Long (P. 1). Others join groups for fear of segregation, to bond with friends to avoid ridicule and to feel adequate. The main reason why children follow their peers is due to lack of relationship between them and their parents, relatives and guiding institutions such as religion organization (Perkins, P.179). According Okorodudu (P. 34), teenagers spend most of their time with their peers while less time is spent with people that have positive impact on them such teachers, parents, counselors and relatives (Okorodudu, P. 34). Peer pressure is capable of influencing people’s behavior. Peer pressure has both positive and negative impacts on children but in most ca ses negative impacts outweighs the positive impact. Children are uncomfortable with the Negative peer pressure but they still do what their peers advices them. The negative impacts of peer pressure include drug abuse and engaging in risky activities (Philip Morris USA, P.5). The risk sexual activities can lead sexual transmitted diseases, early pregnancy, teenage motherhood and school dropout. According to peer pressure can have short term as well as long term effect on academic performance (Black, Devereux and Salvanes, P. 3). Ortiz (2012) also stated that negative impacts of peer pressure are addiction to illegal drugs, stealing, missing school, smoking cigarettes and taking... From the beginning of the paper, the issue and solution of the problem is discussed. Almost all children are affected by peer pressure at some point in their lives and in most cases parents are not able to protect their parents from peer pressure (Zolten and Long, P. 2). However, parents can play a big role in reducing the impact of negative peer pressure by establishing a strong bond with their children, talking to them about peer pressure and its impact, seeking to know their children’s friends rather than criticizing them, recognizing their effort and teaching them how to be independent. This research paper focuses on the point that there is a lot of information in regard to causes and effects of peer pressure. The study will seek to bridge the existing gaps on how to reduce the impact of negative peer pressure on children. The research focuses on such questions as what are the negative effects of peer pressure in children and teenagers? What are the causes of peer pressure in children and teenagers? How can parents help their children and teenagers overcome the negative impactsof peer pressure? To what extent does positive family relationship impacts adolescents’ behavior and reaction to negative peer pressure? In conclusion, this study proposes a combination of qualitative and quantitative methodologies to investigate how to reduce the impact of negative peer pressure on children. Random questioners will be issued to various groups including parents, teenagers, religion leaders and teachers.

Homeostasis in Human

Homeostasis in Human Have you ever seen animals like crocodiles crawl their way up to the land and stay under the hot sun for a particular period of time? Well, when it comes to sun-bathing, not only humans, crocodiles enjoy it as well. However, reptiles like them do so solely because they need to. This behavioural response towards the surrounding temperature is essential as a mean of thermoregulation. Unlike crocodiles, we, humans, rely less on behavior and more on our physiological processes. Imagine that our body temperature soars every time we take a hot shower or drink a freshly brewed cup of coffee. Managing the state of internal environment is a principal challenge for the human body. The maintaining of internal environment of the body between limits is denoted as homeostasis, and body temperature is just one example of the many parameters which are controlled by homeostasis. Figure 1 An indication that homeostasis aims to provide a state of dynamic equilibrium. (Source; http://t3.gstatic.com) It is not an easy physiological process when it comes to maintaining homeostasis. As much as a unicellular organism needs to be able to take in oxygen and nutrients as well as to excrete waste products, multicellular organisms like humans also need to able to do those things. The mechanisms of homeostasis are complex enough to provide each cell with all that it needs. The integration of most of the systems in the human body leads to this particular purpose homeostasis. A continuous bloodflow of nutrients must be adequately supplied. Vital organs such as the brain, kidney and heart need to have their activity monitored. The internal environment must always be in a relatively constant state, where the rate of exchange of cellular materials is done in such a manner that a dynamic equilibrium is considered. Describing Homeostasis There are many possible ways if we are to describe homeostasis. A good, simple one will probably be by using an analogy. Think of homeostasis as a scenario of someone walking up a descending escalator. When observing the person, he may seem to appear standing still if his speed when he walks up the escalator is the same as the speed of the escalator moving down. This is the case where an equilibrium is reached. Walking up faster than the escalator going down, the person will move up gradually. However, if he walks slower than the escalator, the result is going to be vice versa. In both cases, there is no equilibrium. It is only when the persons velocity of moving up is altered such that it is the exact opposite of the escalator moving down that equilibrium is restored. From this analogy, it is clear that homeostatic regulatory mechanism follows a particular pattern by which if a regulated variable increases, the system responds by making it decrease. In contrast, whenever the regulat ed variable decreases, the system reacts to make it increase. This manner of operation is referred to as the negative feedback mechanism. Figure 2 Negative feedback leads to a tight control situation whereby the corrective action taken by the controller forces the controlled variable toward the set point, thus leading the system to oscillate around equilibrium. (Source; http://controls.engin.umich.edu/wiki/index.php/Feedback_control) Generally, in any feedback system, the level of a product feeds back to control the rate of its own production. A negative feedback mechanism works in a way that a change in levels always causes the opposite change, driving to a stabilizing effect. Both the nervous system and the endocrine system are both involved in monitoring the levels of variables. Small fluctuations above and below the set point will not usually result in a response. It is when the level rises significantly above or below the set point that it is altered by negative feedback accordingly. A homeostatic regulatory mechanism detects the regulated variables via the sensors. Sensors are basically cells which are sensitive to their corresponding variable. Certain blood vessels contain cells called chemoreceptors that are sensitive to concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. Meanwhile, in the brain and other parts of the body, there are cells that are sensitive to temperature, and these cells are class ified as thermoreceptors. Flow of Information and The Concept of Homeostatic Set Point Sensors relay or transmit input/signals to the integrating center. The integrating center compares the regulated variable to the set point and orchestrates or coordinates the appropriate response. In response to the input it receives, the integrating center relays signals (now called outputs) to the targeted cells, tissues or organs that produce the final response. These cells, tissues or organs are entitled as effectors. The set point and normal ranges for homeostasis can change under various circumstances. One way in which the normal range of homeostasis may change is through acclimatization. This is when humans adjust to changes in the external environment. For instance, at high altitude, the partial pressure of oxygen at high altitude is lower than at sea level. Hemoglobin may not become fully saturated with oxygen as it passes through the lungs. As a result, body tissues may not have adequate supply of oxygen. Acclimatization will then occur when the body gradually ascends towar ds higher altitude, whereby extra erythrocytes are produced. Muscles produce more myoglobin and develop a denser capillary network. Thermoregulation As mentioned in the introductory paragraph, temperature is one of the variables of homeostasis. The process in which the internal temperature is regulated within tolerable range is named as thermoregulation. Where there is a change in temperature, there must be a change of heat provided. Basically, there are two sources of heat internal and external environments. Organisms that are categorized under ectotherms get their heat source externally. These ectotherms include mostly amphibians, reptiles and invertebrates. Meanwhile, birds and mammals are mainly endothermic. Their internal metabolism provides the main source of heat. Many insects together with just a few nanovian reptiles as well as some fishes are endotherms. It is crucial to acknowledge the fact that endothermy and ectothermy are not mutually exclusive to one another. A bird is, for instance, is mainly endothermic, but it may warm itself in the sun on a cold morning, much as an ectothermic lizard does. (Urry, Cain, Wasserm an, Minorsky and Jackson, 2010). Being mainly endotherms, human beings need to be able to regulate the internal body temperature without relying or depending on the external environment. The hypothalamus of the brain keeps an eye on the blood temperature and compares it with a set point, usually close to 370C. If the blood temperature is higher than the tolerated level, skin arterioles become wider, increasing bloodflow through skin. This blood transfers heat from the body core, raising the temperature of skin. Since the skin is the outermost organ, heat is lost from skin to the environment. The higher the temperature of the skin, the more heat is lost. Meanwhile, sweat glands secrete large amounts of sweat making the surface of the skin damp. Water that evaporates from the damp skin will bring with it the heat. Overall effect is that the body temperature lowers down, until it reaches the set point again. In contrast, when the body temperature decreases below the set point, skin arterioles become narrower so that le ss blood reaches the skin. Skeletal muscles do many small, rapid contractions to generate heat. This is called shivering. Sweat glands will stop secreting sweat and the skin remains dry. Blood Glucose Concentration The level of blood glucose in the blood is also one of the variables of homeostasis. Cells in the pancreas monitor the concentration and send hormone messages to targeted areas the liver and muscle cells when the level is low or high. In the case of a high blood glucose concentration, the ÃŽÂ ²-cells in the pancreatic islets produce insulin. Insulin stimulates the liver and muscle cells to absorb glucose from the blood and convert it to glycogen. Granules of glycogen are stored in the cytoplasm of these cells. Other cells are stimulated to absorb glucose and use it in cell respiration instead of fat. These processes lower the blood glucose level. On the other hand, when the level of blood glucose declines way below the set point, the ÃŽÂ ±-cells in the pancreatic islets produce glucagon. Glucagon stimulates the hepatocytes to break down glycogen down into glucose and release the glucose into the blood. This raises the blood glucose level. Figure 3 The control of blood glucose (Source http://www.get-discount-medical-supplies.com/images/blood-glucose-level.jpg) When the regulation of blood glucose level is not effective, the concentration can rise or fall beyond normal limits. This is referred to as diabetes mellitus. There are two forms of this condition. The table below provides a comparison between the two. Type 1 Type 2 The beginning is usually during childhood. ÃŽÂ ±-cells produce insufficient insulin. Insulin injections are used to control glucose levels. Diet cannot by itself control the condition. The onset is usually after childhood. Target cells become insensitive to insulin. Insulin injections are not usually needed. Low carbohydrate diets usually control the condition. Table 1 The differences between Type 1 diabetes and Type 2 diabetes (Source; Andrew Allot, 2007) Comparison Between Endocrine and Nervous Systems From the facts given above, it is shown that both endocrine system and nervous system have their roles in homeostasis. Even though both systems work together to achieve similar function, there are actually significance points of differences between the two. They both have distinct processes from each other. In the nervous system, nerves secrete chemicals called neurotransmitters. On the other hand, the chemicals secreted by endocrine system are hormones. While both regulate homeostasis, responses in nervous system are rapid and of short duration. In contrast, endocrine responses are slow but of long duration. On top of that, nerve impulses are transmitted via neurons whereas hormones are carried away in the bloodstream. One of the similarities between the two systems is that both involve regulated exocytosis. This ATP-dependent process happens during the secretion of neurotransmitters for the nervous system and hormones for the endocrine system. The nervous system utilizes bioelectrical transmission. The depolarization of the nerve cell when an impulse is sent from the dendrites to the axons brings about an action potential on the membranes of neurons. The result is that a neuron is able to send information to the targeted cells in a very fast period. Theoretically, as long as there are neurons along the pathway, the signal will pass through without cease. This means that the process will carry on forever, given that synaptic cells are involved along the way. Meanwhile, the endocrine system utilizes endocrine glands which secrete hormones. Hormones are very specific type of proteins which are sent to targeted cells. Since the pathway is bloodstream, the process takes a longer period. Figure 5 shows the pathway of the hormones secreted by the endocrine gland cells, ending with the chemical messengers binding to the plasma membrane receptors on the target cells. However, if the hormone is steroid, they may pass through and bind to the receptor proteins in the cytoplasm, forming a hormone-receptor complex. (Source: http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/lifescience/generalbiology/physiology/endocrinesystem/Hormones/hormone_2.gif) Figure 4 shows the neurotransmitters being secreted from the pre-synaptic membrane to the post-synaptic membrane. Specific channel proteins on the post-synaptic neuron or the targeted cell must be there to allow chemicals to pass through. (Source: http://www.daviddarling.info/images/neurotransmitter.jpg) Conclusion Homeostasis is of utmost importance for the cells of the body to function really well. This explains the complexity of the systems that work out homeostasis. When the cells are able to meet their physiological needs, the organism will stay healthy. When homeostasis is not there to keep the internal environment stable, the organism is vulnerable to diseases, such as hypertension and diabetes. These diseases relate to the degrading mechanisms of negative feedback and positive feedback as one gets older. (http://www.123helpme.com)

The Theme of Freedom in Poetry Essay -- Maya Angelou Paul Dunbar Slave

The Theme of Freedom in Poetry Write about three poems on freedom: On Liberty and Slavery (George Moses Horton), Sympathy (Paul Laurence Dunbar) and Caged Bird (Maya Angelou). I have chosen to write about three poems on freedom: On Liberty and Slavery (George Moses Horton), Sympathy (Paul Laurence Dunbar) and Caged Bird (Maya Angelou). The full text of the poems is attached. I chose these three poems because the subject matter appealed to me and I believe that the poems convey their meaning very effectively. Upon researching the poems, I discovered that Caged Bird was in fact inspired by Sympathy, which accounts for the similarities in language and imagery, as outlined below. All three poems deal with the subject of freedom using the imagery of birds; On Liberty and Slavery is narrated as a human plea for freedom, and makes reference to birds in that context, whereas Caged Bird and Sympathy both use the imagery of caged birds to explore the theme of loss of freedom. The symbolism of birds is used to depict freedom, as birds are essentially without constraints; in comparison to the limitations of humans, they have limitless possibilities. When a bird is caged, however, it loses that potential and is restricted not by its own limitations, but the limits set by another. This image is explored within the poems to depict the theme of slavery. On Liberty and Slavery ---------------------- On Liberty and Slavery is an example of a metaphysical poem; it deals with the concept of freedom using direct, personal language and contemporary allusions. The rhythm used in the poem is taken from the rhythm of Wesley's hymns; Charles Wesley was the brother of John Wesley (founder of the Methodists) and hymn wri... ...ten by Himself (1845) Sherman JR: The Black Bard of North Carolina: George Moses Horton and His Poetry Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press (1997) Rice, A: Radical Narratives of the Black Atlantic, Continuum: New York (2003) Sapphire: Black Wings and Blind Angels, Payback Press: Edinburgh (2001) McCarthy K: bittersweet, The Women's Press Ltd (1998) Secondary Sources: www.poets.org.uk (03/05/2004) http://docsouth.unc.edu/hortonlife/horton.htm (04/05/2004) http://www.christian-bookshop.co.uk/free/biogs/cwesley.htm (07/05/2004) http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/audiointerviews/profilepages/angeloum2.shtml (07/05/2004) --------------------------------------------------------------------- [1] Sherman JR The Black Bard of North Carolina: George Moses Horton and His Poetry Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press (1997)

ADDIE

The training process includes three main steps for a new employee: 1- Induction Course This course conducted for the new employee to make him/her familiar with the Meany's basic issues like: 1- Code and ethic 2- Safety and health policy 3- Legislation 4- Employee hand book 5- Process manual (SOP) All the previous Issues should be summarized In manuals by the HER department depending on the Job description.These manuals should be handed to the new employee to read them and become more familiar with the company codes and procedure Instead of leaving the new employee to ask other employee. 2- Orientation The second step in the training process is to make the new employee more familiar with the company working environment which done at two main levels: 1- 1st Program: this program includes a Job rotation in deferent company sections for short periods, where the new employee awareness increased about the company operation. – 2nd Program: In this program the new employee observe the work in his section to learn how the work is done form his/her colleague, after that the new employee handled the new Job under observation. 3- Performance Appraisal (result) In this step the result from performance appraisal used to assess the strength and weakness of the employee and decide what type of training Is needed to Improve his/ err weakness and benefit from his/her strength.Type of training: 1- Managerial Training: 1- Time management 2- Problem Solving 3- Leadership 4- Report Writing 2- Technical: According to technical needs 3- Behavioral: 1- Conflict management 2- Dealing with customer 3- Stress management Level of Training Organizational level: training is needed here to achieve the company strategic 2- Company expansion 2- Task level: according to Job description 3- Personal level: according to single employee strength and weakness.For example if the employee is weak in time management, so he/she need time management raining. For example if the employee have leaders hip attitude we can benefit from his/her strength by giving him/her leadership training. Transfer of learning into workplace needs: 1- Management Support: 2- Work environment : the work condition and tools EDDIE EDDIE is instructional design model that can be used to build training program for the company .Now let's see how we can use EDDIE model in the training process: 1- Analysis: A good analysis of the company situation and its employee knowledge, skill and ability can provide important information about the training needs for the organization at three levels (organization, task, personal) The analysis phase of EDDIE model contain main four steps: 1- Instructional goals: here we need to decide what is the goal of our training program according to the organization needs?The goal can be at any level (organizational, task, personal) for example at the organization level the goal can be improve the employee knowledge, skills and ability to achieve ISO excellence, or it can be at the personal level improve the time management skills, or at the skills level like how to weld iron. 2- Instructional analysis: here we need to define all the steps accessory to achieve the instructional goals, if our instructional goal was to learn an employee how to weld iron the steps can be: 1. Clean and prepare the steel that need to be welded 2. Ware safety equipment 3.Turn on welding machine 4. Weld Joint slowly 5. Clean the Joint after welding 3- Learner Analysis: here we need to understand what already the learner knows instead of give him/her a training that he/she does not need. This can be accomplished by studding the available employee knowledge and skills that they have and decide what the necessary training that they need is. 4- Learning Objectives: here we need to build a learning objective of the training, it include what the employee should be able to do after taking the training. Suppose that our training was how to weld iron, the objective should be: 1 . Scribe the welding process (ability) 2. List the needed welding equipment (Knowledge) 3. Ability to weld in three different technique (skill) 4. List type of irons that can be welded (Knowledge) 2- Design 1- Design Assessments: here we create an assessment tools to assess if the learner and ability has been improved. In other world we need to check if the training aerogram has achieved its goal that has been decided in the analysis stage consider the learner knowledge, skills and ability, thus the idea is not to trick the learner but to make sure that the goal has been achieved.And this tool can be used later to check the effectiveness of the training program and decide what aspect of the training need to be improved. The assessment tool can be a paper test (multiple choice) or practical test (demonstration of using a machine). 2- Choose a Course Format: here we need to decide the medium by which the course is presented to the learner, it can e a class room, through internet, printed material or a combination. 3- Create an Instructional Strategy: here the instructor has to decide how to deliver the training, that's including the following tools and learning component: Tools learning Component 1.Lectures 2. Reading 3. Projects 4. Discussion 5. Activities 1 . Pre-limitations activity: motivate the learner by showing the value of the training(how will benefit them), show the course objective. 2. Content Presentation: direct to the objective with examples 3. Learner Participation: enable the student to reactive their new information and provide them with feedback. 4. Assessment: Quizzes 5. Follow Through Activity: review main all the training material to provide the student holistic view. – Develop 1- Create a sample: create a sample of the basic instruction martial depending to the previous two phases of EDDIE (analyze, design) to make sure that is consistent with the organization needs and objective. 2- Develop the Course Material: after the management approve that sample of the training build the whale the material with depth 3- Conduct a Run-through: run a rehearsal using all the media and material hat has been created to get a feedback and make sure everything is k. – Implementation 1- Training the Instructor: most of the time the one who develop the training program is also the one who teach the training, but in case the instructor is different personae than the training developer, the instruct should be trained on the course material 2- Prepare the Learners: here the instructor has to make sure that the learner should have the need tools and knowledge to attend the training like prerequisite, material needed, time to attend the training. – Arrange the Learning Space: room, chairs, tables, and projector. – Evaluation 1- Formative Evaluation (at each stage of EDDIE): The evaluation should be done through each phase of the EDDIE model. 1 . One-to- evaluation: This evaluation done one to one between the instruct and the l earner to check the effectives of the material to check its: 1. Clarity of the material: is the material clear and easy to Feasibility of the material: how practical is the material. 2.Small Group Evaluation: same as the above but for group(Clarity, Impact, Feasibility) 3. Filed trial evaluation: here we create real time rehearsal and check if the learners are able to utilize their raining to deal with the situation. (Clarity, Impact, Feasibility) 2- Assumptive Evaluation (at the end of the training): the purpose of this evaluation is to prove the worthiness of the training by evaluation the outcome of: 1. Reaction: getting the reaction of the learner about the training using agree-disagree. . Learning : knowledge (test), skills (performance test ), 3. Behavior : test in actual situation to check if the learner using the new knowledge and skills 4. Result: how does the training does affected the organization in profit, productivity, moral, Job satisfaction Performance management is a set of activities and evaluations that ensure the company is being effective and efficient in the process of meeting its goals and it is ongoing process that evaluates day-to-day performance.It analyzes different elements inside the company structure, such as the 1- performance of the overall company, 2- performance of a specific department, 3- performance process, product or service 4- performance of employee Managers and supervisors act as coach by setting realistic goals and encouraging the employee to achieve these goals, then measuring the result daily or weekly Performance management methods are more flexible than Performance appraisal, and its parameters more tangible concentrate on what an employee can realistically achieve in a day of work.Performance appraisal is intended to measure the performance of employees inside the company for a year. Performance appraisal can be considered as a single step in management performance-a step that focuses on the employee's past perfo rmance. Managers and supervisors act as Judge for the employee work performance by identifies weaknesses and strengths of the employee and set a plane to improve his knees ability utilizing his strength. Performance appraisal use structured and formal method in evaluating the employee, these evaluations consist of specific measures at specific area and they based on the company goals.Performance appraisal sets a high performance measurement to show employees what is expected and encourage them to meet those expectations. Performance management process is a systematic process that contains the flowing component: 1- Planning (Setting expectations) planning means setting performance expectations and goals for groups and individuals to achieve the company goals. Getting employees involved in the planning process will help them understand the goals of the organization, what needs to be done, why it needs to be done, and how well it should be done.Also this step measurable, understandable , and achievable. 2- Monitoring performance Monitoring well means continually measuring performance and providing ongoing feedback to employees and work groups on their progress toward reaching their goals. 3- Developing. Developing means improve the capacity to perform and this can be done by addressing the developmental needs of their employees by training and improve the irking process to become more effective and efficient. 4- Rating.Rating meant rating the employee against performance standard by summarize employee performance, this rating help the manger compare the performance over time or between the employee 5- Rewarding. Rewarding means rewarding good performance and this can be by day-to-day recognition (like say thank you) or it can yearly like cash and time off. It Lifelong, self-monitored process of career planning that involves choosing and setting personal goals, and formulating strategies for achieving them. Employer: The employer should build a career management pr ogram that's meet present and future needs of the company.Retirement Plans: How long I must be employed before you qualify to participate in retirement plans? Vacation and Paid Time Off How long is the yearly vacation? What is the standard time for the vacation? Disability Insurance: Does this company have disability insurance? Does the company have stock options? My benefit package that I will negotiate is: Medical insurance from the first degree, and it should include my family and my parents. Dental Insurance A bonus at the end of the year that does include at least two months' salary. 30-day yearly paid vacation.

Britannica online

The early explorers are reported to have found wild cotton growing in the lowlands of Mississippi river and its tributaries that was generally regarded as the birth of cotton culture in America (Hunter p. 1918,pg1-50). The cotton growing in South and U. S gain precedent with the invention of the cotton gin in 1973 by Ely Whitney. The machine enabled quick processing of cotton as the cotton fiber would easily be separated from the seeds.The new revolution in agriculture came with slavery, since the success of plantation farming based on labor intensive techniques was directly linked to how a landowner was to procure workers(Britannica online. 2008). In Georgia, the whites bought slaves in large numbers. So, this expectation of a bumper cotton crop in the region ,not only changed the state's agricultural practice but also resulted in enslavement of thousands of people (New Georgia Encyclopedia). This geared up to a hike of demand for slave on the international slave trade.And as a resu lt, slavery and cotton had a great influence on the states that left indelible marks on international scene. The demand for cotton in domestic U. S resulted in developed, vast transportation networks that connected the farms,rivers and on to major ports. Though during the early days before the cotton boom of 18300s, the class difference was fused, the whites worked together with blacks, who comprised most the slavery gang of the plantations. Countries in central Georgia were transformed from slave to free labor. The ready market provided by Britain textile industries for the U.S cotton earned the country much foreign exchange. By 1920s, cotton products contributed to more than 50% of the U. S exports(Gieser James. 2004. New Georgia Britannica,). Cotton generally controlled agrarian economy of the south. The large southern cotton plantations were much profitable. The high earnings from cotton industry not only provided the economy with required foreign exchange but also resulted in a beefed power and influence on foreign affairs as the case of the south confederates. They became confident in power and influence of the king cotton,because it contributed to more than half of the U.S exports before the civil war. The southern confederates boasted that the importance of cotton would result into diplomatic recognition on the international scene and from the federal government, a recipe of the civil war (Gieser James. 2004. New Georgia Britannica). The overall growth of cotton production in Georgia between 1825 and 1860 was about 10 % and the southeast parts of the country were much preferred because they were seen as the great cotton regions that could yield the country a lot of sales from the high production that was accepted.The sustained increase in cotton production in the south of Georgia between these years led to change in population of America tremendously. In 1850 the US was seen as the greatest exporter of cotton and did a lot of manufacturing of cotton pr oducts that was more than the Great Britain industry(Hunter P,1918,pg 1-50). The cotton exports to Britain, marked the new era of industrial revolution in great Britain, this spread rapidly to other places and to U. S after the civil war in the country.There was sprout of new cities like Dallas and Phoenix that were transformed to modern urban bases,they grew rapidly as market and collection centers and manufacturing plants. Phoenix provided market for cotton needed for use in clothing,tires and fabric industries. However, the cotton farming in the south and U. S had a negative contribution to the spheres of life, in that,the immigrants from Europe and Africa flocked American cities to seek employment opportunities in manufacturing plants. This resulted to a surge in population and the creation of a class economy, where the whites were mostly employers for black slave gang.This, magnified economic slavery in states. The boast of power and influence by the confederates especially the southern confederates, was a precursor to the country's civil war and subsequently had a great influence on the political scene of the states. Political movements were formed that resulted in democratic struggles in the country. This marked the birth of democracy and the end of dark era of slavery in the states. Although cotton farming in South and USA depicted her negatively as a result of slave trade activities, it had a tremendous influence on economic,social and political scenes of the countries.It led to expanded sphere of influence by the U. S as she dominated cotton market. Most of the cities like Dallas and Phoenix expanded tremendously as a result of growth of cotton manufacturing plants. On social scene, the manufacturing firms provided employment to millions of people including the slaves as the gap between the slaves and white farmers was covered, during the cotton boom of 1830s Moreover, the labor laws were changed that allowed free interaction between the black slaves and their white lords.Reference:Britannica online. (2008) King cotton. http://www. britannica. com/eb/topic-318402/King-Cotton Gieser James C (. 2004) New Georgia Encyclopedia. Published on5/26/2004land and resources http://www. georgiaencyclopedia. org/nge/Article. jsp? id=h-2087 Hunter, P. (1918): cotton growth and spread in other parts of the world. State board of entomol. Bull, pp, 1-50.

Every IB Geography Past Paper Available Free and Official

Every IB Geography Past Paper Available Free and Official SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you are preparing for your IB Geography SL/HL papers, studying your notes is likely not enough to get a 7. Taking practice tests using IB Geography SL/HL past papers is the only way to ensure you know what to expect the day of your exam. You'll be better prepared because you'll know the test length and format...and you'll be more confident because you're more familiar with the question formats! In this article, I'll let you know where to find IB Geography SL/HL past papers- both free and paid- to help you excel on your own IB Geography exam. Where to Find Free IB Geography Past Papers IBO has been getting stricter about allowing unauthorized official past papers to roam free online in the past few years, so many of the previous sources for free past papers are unavailable. Frustratingly, IBO has not moved to fill the void with any free official sample papers for Geography, as they have for other subjects. As soon as free official IB Geography papers are released, we'll be sure to update this article. In the meantime, while it's still possible to search for free IB Geography papers online, we don't recommend it because there's no guarantee that those papers are necessarily real past IB papers. I haven't found any unofficial IB Geography past papers that explicitly state they were created by people other than the IBO, but if you find one, I DO NOT recommend using it, as it most likely will be very different from the actual IB Geography test. Where to Find Paid IB Geography Past Papers To get secure IB Geography past papers, buy them from the IBO. Their store has six full IB Geography SL and IB Geography HL past papers and markschemes from 2015 to 2018 available for purchase. Unfortunately, since papers and markschemes are sold separately and individually, buying all the papers and markschemes for a single test will run you around $18 for HL and $12 for SL. Buying all six available exams is pretty pricey, so we advise sticking to the two most recent tests in the store- November 2017 and May 2018- because these papers will be most similar to the test you take. Two exams should provide plenty of practice for most students. (Currently, only SL/HL paper 1 and HL paper 3 are available for November 2018, so if you want extra paper 3 practice for HL or paper 1 practice for both SL and HL, you might also consider getting those.) How to Use These Past Papers A full practice IB Geography test will take you 2 hours and 45 minutes for SL or 4 hours and 30 minutes for HL. If you are going to spend that much time, you need to be getting realistic practice and learning from these tests. To ensure you do, follow these guidelines. #1: Take the Test Over 2 Days The actual IB exam schedule splits Paper 1 and Papers 2 and 3 over two days. SL and HL students take Paper 1 the first day. Both take Paper 2 the second day, and HL students also take Paper 3 the second day. You should mimic this schedule so that you have realistic practice. #2: Use Accurate Test Timing You need to get used to the pacing of the test. The time allowed per paper is: Geography SL Paper 1- 1 hour 30 minutes Paper 2- 1 hour 15 minutes Geography HL Paper 1- 2 hours 15 minutes Paper 2- 1 hour 15 minutes Paper 3- 1 hour Stick to this timing exactly. Don’t give yourself even an extra second. Otherwise, you won’t be prepared for the pacing of the real exam. Also, you will likely get an unrealistic, inflated practice test score if you give yourself extra time. Stick to the real timing, so you get a realistic practice test score. #3: Check Your Answers Once you finish your exam, review your mistakes. You need to review so that you figure out what you are doing wrong before you take the real IB Geography exam. If you do not review, you will not know what mistakes you are making and will make the same ones on the actual IB Geography exam. Take a bit of time (at minimum an hour) to review. You should be emphasizing the quality of your practice and not the quantity of practice. It is far better to take two practice tests with in-depth review than eight tests with no review. What’s Next? Learn more about IB Geography: IB Geography Study Guide Check out where to find past papers for your other classes: Every IB Biology Past Paper Available: Free and Official Every IB Business and Management Past Paper Available: FREE and Official Where to Find IB Chemistry Past Papers - Free and Official Every IB Economics Past Paper Available: Free and Official Every IB English Past Paper Available: Free and Official Every IB History Past Paper Available: Free and Official Every IB Math Past Paper Available: Free and Official Where to Find IB Physics Past Papers - Free and Official Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Essay about Beauty, the True Beast

Essay about Beauty, the True Beast Essay about Beauty, the True Beast Beauty, the True Beast Beauty is in the eyes of the beholder. As such, beauty is not so easy to define. There are many definitions of beauty based on shape, size, age or even color, as beauty can describe inanimate objects, sounds, or just plain sights such as landscapes as well. Because art comes in many different forms, it is hard to classify any one person or thing as beautiful, as it truly is up each individual person to decide whether or not beauty is present. Any usage of art can bring a form of emotion to the recipient. The emotions felt are a formed by the beauty of the art itself. A canvas has no limits, and any strokes of a paint brush could be described as beautiful, in one’s eyes. A picture of a sunset over the horizon of a lake on a warm crisp summer evening, a homeless woman shielding her child from the tear gas of an oppressive government officer, or something as simple as a dog rolling in the grass can create an aesthetic feeling that some would call beauty. Seeing as how music is a form of art as well, it is not surprising that the voice of an artist belting out the notes of an emotionally driven song can bring out the tears in the listener. Or the familiar groove of a bass line unconsciously forcing a dancer to move their body, while the guitar solo brings a feeling of hopefulness with its arrangements of notes. Even abstract ideas of art can be considered beautiful. A string of events, whether it be a life itself can b e beautiful, or the life of another can be just as artistic and beautiful. Even fictional lives can be beautiful as well. Plots in stories, the thoughts of characters, their outlooks on lives, or even the personalities given to them can be just as artistic, and bring a longing feeling to them. Art in itself can invoke emotion, and make the viewers or listeners feel an overwhelming sense of true beauty radiating from the piece of art. Besides art, many find beauty in other human beings. In the United States for example, most would portray women like Mila Kunis, or Emma Stone as the ideal of beauty. They are slim, curvy, well dressed, and famous. However, the media is the one to credit the public’s belief that this is true beauty. Hollywood creates fantasy worlds in which men fall head over heels for women with â€Å"these† ideal physical traits, and create a false image in their viewer’s minds that is more toxic than most like to admit. Not all women have to appear like Megan Fox to be considered beautiful though. Most times, you find true beauty in the one you love. They don’t need make-up, money, clothes, fame, or the lifestyle of the rich and famous in order to cast a spell of love on somebody, just their pure inner beauty. Sometimes, just one’s personality, or the way that they treat you can be beautiful. To trump an old clichà ©, true beauty is NOT skin deep. In some Africa n cultures, beauty is portrayed in a different way. For instance, the day

Amy Tan “Mother Tongue” Analysis

Amy Tan â€Å"Mother Tongue† Analysis Essay Analysis of Amy Tan â€Å"Mother Tongue† is a common topic in  English  assignments, and there is much content you can include to make your paper stand out. Whether you are writing your thesis or a class assignment in literature, Amy Tan mother tongue analysis is such a common topic. It is important, therefore, to enrich your thesis or assignment  with the major ideas that are prevalent in the text. For starters, Amy Tan  finds herself in a struggle with her linguistic identity. She finds herself in the middle of her mother’s broken English  where she has to fight the prejudice  her mother  faces because of her fractured dialectal. Amy speaks a different language with her mother  as well as with other people, and we are told how about the struggle that she had with  English  as a subject. She would do quite well in Math because she says, while Math has a definite solution, English  answers in most of her tests appeared more judgmental. But Tan does not regret anything about her mother tongue  background. She affirms that her mom’s dialectal brought her a long way, shaping the way she perceived things, the way she expressed herself and made sense of the world. To her, the kind of English  she spoke with her mother  and to a larger extent, her husband made perfect sense and brought in some kind of intimacy that only her family perfectly understood. A textual analysis  of Amy’s â€Å"mother tongue† reveals her passionate defense on her mother’s broken English. Some of the people in her circle claim to understand only a small fraction of whatever her mother speaks. Others would not simply understand anything and looked at her mum as if she spoke in pure Chinese. Her mum is seen to face a lot of challenges and  prejudice  from the people around her. Rhetorical analysis on Amy’s article reveals how people around her mother claimed they wouldn’t understand much of her mother’s broken English, but Amy goes in details explaining how she finds it easy understanding every bit of what her mother says. In this rhetorical analysis, Amy’s main ideas  happen to be that she at no point despises her mother’s English. She even goes ahead describing it as clear and perfectly normal. Her mastery of rhetorical devices  is another aspect of her great mastery of language. In one of her many talks about her book, The Joy Luck Club, Amy Tan  display such a great mastery of language, the kind of language she had learned from school and her extensive reading, with carefully articulated grammar, in the audience  of her mother who was in her company. She felt the talk all wrong seeing she was speaking the kind she never spoke with her  mother. Her use of parallel structure in a paragraph  she speaks of how she isn’t an  English  scholar and later in the next paragraph  that she is a writer display her deep understanding of English. Amy Tan  had earlier affirmed that she was not a scholar of the language or literature and still she was a writer. She speaks about her love of linguistics and how much she gets fascinated by language in her daily life. She takes some time to think about her mum’s language. The kind of descriptions it has received from people in the restaurants, banks, stores, and offices, as broken, fractured and limited. She thinks of the times when she fell a victim of the same  prejudice  in her childhood days. She had a difficult time with her  mother, holding her with less regard and hating her for the kind of language she spoke. Her limited English is  seemingly translating into her limited personality. People around her treated her less serious, some would even ignore her with sharp brutality, seeing her in the light of someone with some kind disability or some sort of incompleteness. READ: A Lesson Before Dying EssayAmy recalls how she had to save her mother  occasionally from the embarrassment that her broken dialectal brought. She would have to make calls to her mum’s stockbroker, to the hospital attendants among other services if anything was to be taken any serious. Like only the perfect English carries with it some kind of authority. It is clear in the textual analysis of  how Amy employs a lot of dialogue to give her audience  a taste of her mother tongue. Although she has gained an excellent mastery of the English  language as evidenced by a line, â€Å"That was my mental quandary in its nascent state,† from one of her works of fiction, Amy Tan is not about to thrash her mother tongue  as someone would expect. In fact, she does not bend so much into displaying her mastery of the literary devices  when she envisions her mum as her intended audience  in the stories she wrote about mothers and daughters whose intended audience  is mainly women. She is quite delighted when her mom finishes reading her work and seals it with one simple compliment, â€Å"So easy to read.† Amy also recalls her early days of entry into the world of nonfiction freelancer writing when one of her bosses described her writings as the worst ever and even advised her to work towards account management. It’s only her rebellious nature and the consistency of purpose  that kept her going even while surrounded by a host of critics. Her use of her mother for purpose and  audience  is a proof of how much she appreciated the simplicity of language and just how much she wasn’t bothered by the critics that had been a great challenge to her mum. The main ideas that the author appears to communicate in this article are that the notion of a perfect language is not entirely the driving force behind what it is and what is not of other versions of the English  language spoken. Tan seeks to emphasize that there are no standard measures for what should be the right type of language. The  purpose  of her article is clearly to do away with the prejudice that comes with other versions of English whose speakers are held with less regard. Through this article, Amy effectively delivers on her purpose and audience  bringing to light quite important aspects of linguistic dynamics.

The role of the practice mentor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 1

The role of the practice mentor - Essay Example A mentor is the one who bears the responsibility for their training and development. So, there is no need to further describe how efficient and knowledgeable the mentor should be. For understanding the function of a mentor, one should understand that who is a mentor and what is its actual role in development of efficient nurses and midwives. A mentor plays an important role is everyone’s life. An individual gets the chance to explore the world around through the eyes of its mentor. Thus mentor can be defined as â€Å"An experienced and trusted advisor. An experienced person in an organisation or institution who trains and counsels new employees or students† (The Sloan Work and Family Research Network. 2009). Mentoring and teaching differs from each other in some respects. Basically mentoring is the process, through which less experienced professionals get a chance to share experience of someone who has gather good knowledge in the same field. So through the process of mentoring the individual gets more benefited because the knowledge which one received is focused toward his or her own working field and provides clear cut guidelines through impaling them in the working one can easily move toward higher ladders in their career path. Mentoring is equally beneficial for both mentor and mentee as they both come to know each other and can explore each others’ positive and negative points. Thus motoring creates a professional as well as emotional bonding between both of them. The mentee can easily develop knowledge, skill, experience and compatibility required for carrying out job responsibility. The mentor helps the mentee to build his career path and attain heights. Many a time mentor provides contacts to mentee for creating networking and provides guidance that how one can develop good networking skills (The Sloan Work And Family Research Network. 2009). A mentor’s role is highly

Business Taxation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Business Taxation - Essay Example This scheme is said to help in reducing the amount of paperwork as one need not necessarily keep track of all VAT expenditures. For one to register for the VAT Flat Rate Scheme, these conditions are worth noting. First, the estimated annual taxable turnover should be below  £150,000 (SJD Accountancy Ltd, 2015). Secondly, if one already joined the scheme will continue staying in it until its turnover hits  £230,000 per year. Third, the taxpayer will not be able to claim back most of the Vat paid on the purchase of goods and expenses. However, a VAT claim can be made to the HM Revenue and Customs on capital assets costing  £2,000 and above. Fourth, a VAT Flat Rate Scheme registered business will be required to charge the full VAT rate on all goods and services and file a return every quarter (Easy Accountancy, 2015). When Molly registers as a VAT Flat Rate Scheme, she will benefit from this scheme by earning money from the VAT because she will charge her sales the normal standard VAT rate of 20% but pay the lower rate of 8.5%. Therefore, the extra revenue earned from this scheme will be: According to the HM Revenue and Customs (2015), tax evasions are an illegal act and are where an individual deliberately attempts not to pay the tax due. The corporations or individuals engaging in tax evasion misrepresent their incomes to the relevant tax administrating body. Such misrepresentations are in the form of inflating deductions, underreporting incomes and using offshore accounts to hide money and its interest (Cornell University, 2015). In simpler terms as put by Murray (2015) and the Taxpayers Australia (2014), tax evasion is the illegal act of failing to pay taxes by failing to report income, reporting disallowable expenses, or failing to pay the tax owed. On the other hand, tax avoidance is a legitimate way of minimising taxes by using the avenues approved by the tax authority

Book smarts with intellectualism and street smarts with Essay

Book smarts with intellectualism and street smarts with anti-intellectualism - Essay Example By agreeing with his premise, this student will retrace Graff’s logic and provide a level of external analysis that will provide the reader with a more informed understanding and logical progression with respect to how Graff’s transformation took place. Firstly, before delving directly subject matter, it must be understood that scholars and societal stakeholders alike oftentimes to distance intellectualism from anti-intellectualism. It is without question that there is tension and strife between these two points of view; with both intellectuals and anti-intellectuals being distrustful, spiteful, and downright cruel to one another. Lunch has with regards the way in which individuals of different classes have separated themselves, lunch in the same way that individual races have been sidelined within American society, Graff argues the fact that intellectualism has separated itself from anti-intellectualism, and vice versa, to such a degree that these two distinct groups have come to an even further level of conflict within the current world. However, these social constraints aside, it is clear and apparent that the similarity that exists between these two groups is greater than the dissimilarity that they purport to espouse (Fridlan 890). For instance, Graff represents the early childhood disagreements, arguments, and disputes that he had with fellow adolescents in his youth. Instead of serving as mindless and un-intellectual banter, as many might assume, these levels of argumentation encouraged and coaxed the stakeholders into providing a level of substantiation, facts, and representative understanding with respect to the position that they espouse. Although they most certainly did not understand it at the time, the need to substantiate their beliefs and promote a level of understanding concerning their points of view was

FINAL EXAM Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

FINAL EXAM - Assignment Example Von Hirsch’s utilitarian justification claims that although punishment causes human suffering, it is good in preventing similar suffering in the future. Ethics plays an important role in correctional and treatment staff to define what should be done to the prisoners and the treatment that they should be given. The prisoners have their rights and so the staff working in the prisons have to adhere to the law that defines how that should be done. As indicated earlier ethics refers to the specific moral standards. The staff has to ensure that the prisoners have access to the basic standards of care. These include access to adequate food, shelter and something to wear. They should also have access to primary medical and psychiatric care. The staff should also uphold anti-bullying programs without favor or fear. Re-integration skills are offered in the prisons to help the prisoners become important when they rejoin their members after their term in jail. The staff should also ensure that all the prisoners are subscribe to the programs that are ongoing to help them become important people in the society after their term. Correction office rs should not be allowed to abuse power. They should be allowed limited authority to ensure that they are also answerable and accountable for their actions. Mutual respect, tolerance and understanding should always prevail among the inmates and the corrective officers. Correction officers should always maintain the professional gap and should involve themselves in issues and relationships that compromise the integrity of their roles and duties. Corrupt practices by the prison staff undermines and neutralizes the administration of justice and destroy public confidence in the system. The correction officers should therefore uphold the ethics that govern their roles. In a bid to restore and maintain ethics in the staff that is working within the prison institution, the management at

Individual and Collective Responsibility in the Society Assignment

Individual and Collective Responsibility in the Society - Assignment Example In developing his society, Alexie uses the ordinary people in any other society such as fathers, sons, husbands, laborers, and artists among many others. He develops a perilous poise between external responsibility and self-preservation through family, art and the entire world through by extrapolation. â€Å"Yes the kid was a decent athlete, yet the kid was a descent yes the kid was a decent person. But he had broken into my house† Alexie 14. The adults interact with the children effectively and in a bid to create a peaceful and cohesive society, they must maintain a sense of order by addressing such social vices and deterrence to peace as theft, which the author portrays here. He develops a good child who epitomizes the desirable qualities, but due to lack in the society and poor upbringing, the child breaks into other people’s houses and steal. The society must develop ways of punishing and rectifying such. Relations and interactions exist at different levels in society. In their relations, the characters maintain the decorum that is mandatory in the development of a cohesive society. In portraying the relationship among the character, Alexie develops the balance between self-portrayal and external responsibility by defining the specific individual and communal role. At family levels, the characters maintain a level of intimacy required of couples by sharing fundamental information that sustains such relationships, â€Å"My wife paused before answering, and in the pause, I heard all the doubt and fear. So I got out of bed, dressed and left the house† (Alexie 15). Alexis develops communal responsibility as that which everyone must maintain in order to achieve a desirable and society in which people observed laws and maintained the social order â€Å"But this time when those black people walked in slow motion in front of mei did not smile or laugh.  

Book smarts with intellectualism and street smarts with Essay

Book smarts with intellectualism and street smarts with anti-intellectualism - Essay Example By agreeing with his premise, this student will retrace Graff’s logic and provide a level of external analysis that will provide the reader with a more informed understanding and logical progression with respect to how Graff’s transformation took place. Firstly, before delving directly subject matter, it must be understood that scholars and societal stakeholders alike oftentimes to distance intellectualism from anti-intellectualism. It is without question that there is tension and strife between these two points of view; with both intellectuals and anti-intellectuals being distrustful, spiteful, and downright cruel to one another. Lunch has with regards the way in which individuals of different classes have separated themselves, lunch in the same way that individual races have been sidelined within American society, Graff argues the fact that intellectualism has separated itself from anti-intellectualism, and vice versa, to such a degree that these two distinct groups have come to an even further level of conflict within the current world. However, these social constraints aside, it is clear and apparent that the similarity that exists between these two groups is greater than the dissimilarity that they purport to espouse (Fridlan 890). For instance, Graff represents the early childhood disagreements, arguments, and disputes that he had with fellow adolescents in his youth. Instead of serving as mindless and un-intellectual banter, as many might assume, these levels of argumentation encouraged and coaxed the stakeholders into providing a level of substantiation, facts, and representative understanding with respect to the position that they espouse. Although they most certainly did not understand it at the time, the need to substantiate their beliefs and promote a level of understanding concerning their points of view was

Individual and Collective Responsibility in the Society Assignment

Individual and Collective Responsibility in the Society - Assignment Example In developing his society, Alexie uses the ordinary people in any other society such as fathers, sons, husbands, laborers, and artists among many others. He develops a perilous poise between external responsibility and self-preservation through family, art and the entire world through by extrapolation. â€Å"Yes the kid was a decent athlete, yet the kid was a descent yes the kid was a decent person. But he had broken into my house† Alexie 14. The adults interact with the children effectively and in a bid to create a peaceful and cohesive society, they must maintain a sense of order by addressing such social vices and deterrence to peace as theft, which the author portrays here. He develops a good child who epitomizes the desirable qualities, but due to lack in the society and poor upbringing, the child breaks into other people’s houses and steal. The society must develop ways of punishing and rectifying such. Relations and interactions exist at different levels in society. In their relations, the characters maintain the decorum that is mandatory in the development of a cohesive society. In portraying the relationship among the character, Alexie develops the balance between self-portrayal and external responsibility by defining the specific individual and communal role. At family levels, the characters maintain a level of intimacy required of couples by sharing fundamental information that sustains such relationships, â€Å"My wife paused before answering, and in the pause, I heard all the doubt and fear. So I got out of bed, dressed and left the house† (Alexie 15). Alexis develops communal responsibility as that which everyone must maintain in order to achieve a desirable and society in which people observed laws and maintained the social order â€Å"But this time when those black people walked in slow motion in front of mei did not smile or laugh.  

Booker T. Washington Essay Example for Free

Booker T. Washington Essay Booker T. Washington was born on plantation in Franklin Country, Virginia, on April 5, 1856. After the Civil War, his families moved to Malden, West Virginia, were Booker T. Washington worked in the coal mines and salt Furnaces, and a house servant. Washington mom and he were determined for him to go to school. During four years, he was a student and attending Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute of higher learning for Africans American and later became Hampton University. When he was going to school he did not have a last name so he invented the last name of Washington when he was in school and the other children were giving their surnames. After Washington graduated from Hampton Normal, he pursued a career a career as an educator. He was a teacher for two years in Malden and then he furthered his education at Washington D.C Wayland Seminary. Then he accepted a position at Hampton Normal. He was the head of industrial training of 75 Native American. He was named principal of Hampton Normal which later became Tuskegee University. On September 18, 1895, Washington made a historic speech in Atlanta, Georgia. In what was known as the (Atlanta Compromise Speech) Washington encouraged African American to accept lower social status for the time being and to focus instead on advancement through career training, education, and economic independence. Washingtons health began to become worse in his later years as he was traveling and working a lot. He failed while he was in New York City, and he was brought back home to Tuskegee, and he died there on November 14, 1915 when he was 59 years old. The cause of his death was unknown, but it was likely from arteriosclerosis and nervous exhaustion. His body was buried on the campus of Tuskegee University near University Chapel. In March of 2006, looking into his medical records showed that he died from hypertension with blood pressure that was two times higher than a normal blood pressure.

Strategic Management At Emirates Airlines Marketing Essay

Strategic Management At Emirates Airlines Marketing Essay Abstract This conducted report discusses a strategic study about the global airline industry, particularly Emirates Airlines. The first part of the report provides a brief overview about Emirates Airlines Company followed by a situation analysis that includes the internal and external analysis. The last section will be concluded with the current situation along with suggesting major issues that Emirates Airlines should address. Table of Content 1 Abstract 2 Table of Content 3 2 Introduction 4 3 External Environment 5 3.1 Industry Analysis 5 3.1.1 Airline industry General Profile 5 3.1.2 Life Cycle 6 3.1.3 Porters 5 Forces 7 3.1.4 Key Competitors 9 3.1.5 Key Success Factors 10 3.1.6 PEST Analysis 11 3.1.7 Summary of External Environment 13 4 Internal Environment 14 4.1 SWOT analysis 14 4.2 Summary of Internal Environment 17 5 Conclusion and Recommendation 17 6 References 21 Introduction Emirates Airlines goals for the immediate future and long term are, to be the best in every venture it undertakes; to meet its customers expectations profitably, to contribute to the success of Dubai Inc., and to make the city the new global aviation hub for the 21st century. Emirates Chairman, Sheikh Ahmed Al Maktoom In 1985 Emirates Airlines was established by Dubai Government with just two aircrafts. Today Emirates has 83 aircrafts files to 78 destinations in 55 countries worldwide. It has a large number of cabin crews from 95 nationalities. It recently made an aircraft orders worth more than $ 26 billion for 45 Airbus A380, which makes the company the worlds largest purchaser of Airbuss super-jumbo. (About Emirates) Emirates Airlines recently becomes one of the fastest growing airlines and the fifth-most-profitable airline in the world. It has been growing by more than 20% a year since the last 17 years making a profit of $637 million in 2004-05. (BBC News) Emirates Airlines is committed to achieve its mission, namely offering consistently high-quality value-for-money service and to be the best airline on all of its routes. Accordingly, it is known as an innovative and customer-oriented provider of advanced services, such as offering personal entertainment system in all classes, 18 TV channels, 22 audio channels and online booking service which enables customers to book, search for flights and choose seats. (About Emirates) Because of that excellence, it gained over 280 international awards, such as the prestigious CAPA airline of the year award 2005 by the Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation. (Internet travel news) External Environment Industry Analysis The aim of the industry analysis is to identify the external environment that affects the airline industry. The first part gives an idea about the airline industry profile. Airline industry General Profile Airline industry is one of the most competitive and growing industries in the world as it leads to economic growth, world trade, international investment and tourism. In the last decade, it has grown strongly by 7% per year for both business and leisure purposes. (Airline Industry) Airline industry is considered as one of the fastest expanding sectors of the world with growth rates 2.4 times above the GDP rates on average. It is also predicted to grow by an average of 5 % a year from 2000 to 2010 (IATA). Airline industry is affected by the economical growth, trade and political factors. As an example of the political factors, the 11th September attacks dropped the number of passengers, because people were afraid and tend to avoid studying and visiting countries that have been attacked by terrorism. As an economical factor, the increase in oil prices destroyed the profitability of the global airline industry, accordingly it losses around $6 billion in 2005 (IATA). Due to the unstable political and economical situation, many airlines companies started to modify their strategies and services to survive and succeed in the airline industry. For example, many companies invested heavily in the quality of services they provide by offering, e-booking system, new interactive entertainment systems, more comfortable seats, low cost carriers and many technological techniques. All of that was introduced to attract, return customers and gain a competitive advantage. As being in such a competitive market, many companies started setting agreements among each other to reduce costs and share resource which is called as alliance. Overall, the airline industry will recover as the number of passengers seems to be doubled by 2010 to exceed 2.3 billion due to the tourism, trade and economic development (IATA).Thus, Successful airlines will be those that continue reducing their costs and improving their services by differentiating from competitors to secure a strong position in the aviation market. Life Cycle The airline industry is in the maturity stage, therefore there is a strong competition in the market and the sales rate grows fast and then begins to stabilize gradually. As the competition is more aggressive in this stage, the advertising and sales promotion can be obvious. Moreover many competitors increased their research and development (RD) budgets to find best services to gain customers attention. (Product Life Cycle, 2005) Accordingly, many companies started to focus in differentiating their services and products from their competitors by increasing their customers brand loyalty. For instance many companies starts to concentrate on cutting the operating cost, thus in this stage the profit margin decreases and the least efficient companies leaves the market and only well-established companies are the ones that remain. Accordingly, many companies use offensive strategies rather than defensive strategies through modifying their market, product and marketing mix to survive and compete during this stage. (New product development) For example, Kuwait airways implements the strategy of modifying the marketing mix by launching a low cost carriers in order to increase its customer base and loyalty and increase sales, which is considered as a competitive advantage amongst its competitors (Kuwait Airways). Following section explains the porters 5 forces that impact airlines industry. Porters 5 Forces Threat of New Entrants The new entrants cause a threat to the existing company in any industry, because they might offer better services, products or costs. In the airline industry the threat is low as the level of entry barriers is high. There are many challenges that should be considered by the new entrants as follows: Capital Requirements. Huge budget is required for starting a new airline company to buy aircrafts and provide services to customers. Ex. Boeing costs around $ 2 billion. (Ashraf, Emirates Airline) Brand name Customer loyalty: Airlines companies have built an excellent position in the market which helps them to compete against the threats of new entrants. The experience curve of the existing companies is high according to their long experiences in the market, Ex. American Airlines. Generally, alliances between key airlines companies make the entry on the industry hard for any new airline company. Bargaining Power of Suppliers Suppliers can affect the industry through their abilities to raise prices or reduce the quality of purchased goods and services. The airline industry has few suppliers globally, namely Boeing and Airbus. Thus the power of the suppliers is high, because those limited suppliers have a control on the market due to the huge demand of their manufactured products. Bargaining Power of Buyers Buyers affect the industry through their abilities to reduce prices, bargain for higher quality or more services. The power of the buyers in this industry is strong as there are lots of passengers (1.8 billion yearly), the switching costs are low and passengers have many choices in the market (ITAT). The new technology of e-ticketing gives people the chance and flexibility to search for many airlines companies offering better or cheaper costs and services. Furthermore, it eases the operation of switching between different airlines companies. Therefore, many companies provide the air miles system to gain customers attention and to keep them as well. Threat of a Substitute Products or Services The threat of substitutes differs from the regional and international airlines. In the regional airlines it can be higher as people can drive their cars or use trains as a way to travel within the same region, but on the international level people use airplanes to move faster and more comfortable. In the Europe they are using trains to travel from country to another for example, its easy to travel by train from the UK to France by Eurostar train in just 1 hour 40 minutes (London to France). However, in many countries trains are not available ex UAE, accordingly such carries have a weak threaten in the airlines industry since they are not used for long distance journeys by many countries. Rivalry among existing firms In airlines industry, the rivalry is very high between the companies, as there is variety of airline companies that provides best aircrafts and services to passengers. For instance, many companies try to expand their market shares by offering best prices, best customer services and exclusive promotions as well as by being creative in their advertising campaigns. (Ex: Air Arabia is low cost airline). (Thompson Strickland, 1995) Key Competitors British Airways British Airways is ranked # 2 in Europe and one of the biggest in the world. They have 300 planes and 216 destinations in 94 countries. The key success factors of British Airways are: its a member of the largest alliance and it is known of its technology projects in offering unique services, such as touch screens service and being the first in implementing full flat beds. Qatar Airways Qatar Airways was established in 1994. It has 44 fleets linking 69 international destinations. Its services and events, gives the company special position amongst its competitors. The success of Qatar Airways comes from its aggressive growth plan that includes the construction and development of the new Doha international airport, which will include the worlds largest aircrafts hangers to be used for maintenance of Qatar Airways. Additionally, by 2009 Qatar Airways plans to get 36 aircrafts from Airbus, including two A380, for Qatar Airways. (Airline website, AmeInfo) Singapore Airlines Singapore Airlines is one of the most respected travel brands founded in 1947. It has a fleet of 90 aircrafts and it flies to more than 60 cities in 30 countries. Many factors cause Singapore Airlines success, such as young and efficient fleets, educated staff, top ranked travel gateway and its low cost airlines known as Tiger Airways, plus its a member of star alliance airline networks. (Singapore Airlines Company Information) American Airlines American Airlines was founded in 1930 and is positioned as the largest airline in the world in terms of the total passengers transported of 80 million yearly. It has the highest number of aircrafts that reach up to 991 and serve 172 cities with five main hubs. Also it is first to launch the loyalty program frequent flyers. All of theses are considered as the key success of this airline. (American Airlines) Key Success Factors To maintain airlines companies success, various key factors should be implemented for this purpose: Differentiation Airline companies tend to differentiate by providing advanced services. For example, providing the aircraft with the latest technology, such as wide seats, e-ticketing (as mentioned in 5 porters section) will attract customers and distinguish the company among other companies. (ex: British Airways). Strong brand name Obtaining a strong brand name plus building a base of loyal customers are the carriers companies most concern. It guarantees that customers will stick with the strong brand name company and ignore any attractive offers form other competitors. Some airline companies utilize some techniques to have a retain customers, such as offering a flyer mile to win a free ticket if the points were completed. (ex: American Airline) Alliances Airline industry is moving toward establishing alliances between companies. This will let companies to share resources via linking their networks to build a wide base of customers, develop services and increase number of routes. Additionally, it results in sharing experience and decreasing the operation costs. Ex. British Airways is a member of largest airline alliance known as Oneworld. Relations with supplier Airline companies must build a strong relation with suppliers by setting long-term contracts with them. Such relations will benefit the airlines companies, because this will keep them in the safe side even if there was any change in the pricing strategy (ex. increasing costs) in the future as there is a contract between them. The PEST analysis is the best way that leads companies to change their strategies. PEST Analysis Political factors The airline industry is affected by political situations, namely wars and terrorism. For instance, terrorists activities in different areas globally, namely USA (11th Sep), UK, Lebanon and Qatar made the regions unattractive for tourists and business travelers and reduce the passengers traffic. The political instability affected businesses between airlines in Middle East and the world by facing a difficulty to join any international alliances with any of the airlines leaders such as American Airlines. (Growth phenomena, Nora Byman) Economical factors One of the factors behind any success airlines is having modern airports supported with latest technology to meet customers requirements. UAE for example plans to invest in developing its main airports in Abu Dhabi and Dubai. The UAEs total investments on airport development over coming 20 years will exceed Dh 71 billion. The benefits of developing airports are: enhancing economy, reducing depends on oil revenues by moving into new sector (tourism), increasing tourists number and thereby driving profits to airline firms. Globally, alliance is considered as the main factor of many airlines companies success as it reduces the operation costs. Social factors Some of those factors are: increasing worlds population, tourists and number of educated people. For instance, the population is growing globally, in UAE the population in 2002 was 3,754,000 people and reached to 4,320,000 in 2004, this is because UAE is a multicultural country.As the number of expatriates is increasing, airlines firms profits will increase, because those expatriates need to travel to their homeland sometime. Additionally, many diseases influence the population in many courtiers, like Bird Flu, those killer diseases affect airline industry since they reduce populations level. (Economic Development) Technological factors The new technology affected airline industry negatively and positively. For example, the technology of teleconferencing reduced the need for face to face business meetings which affects on the number of business travelers and on the sales of business tickets. However, e-booking system makes the reservation easier and save many expenses such as reducing the printed tickets. (Current State) There is a growth in internet usage world wide. In the UAE, internet accounts are likely to grow from 251,000 in 2001 to exceed 600,000 accounts by 2006. Thus, local airlines industry should provide online services to get competitive advantage ex. Emirates Airline. (UAE to remain on top in Arab Internet market) Summary of External Environment The external environment shows airline industry is in its maturity stage with a slow rate of increase, which resulted in increasing the competitions level. Only three forces have a direct effect in this industry, namely bargaining power of suppliers and buyers and intensity of rivalry. The barriers for new entries are high which reduce the threats of any new entrants. Some factors, such as political, economy, social and technological affect the industry by either increasing or decreasing passengers traffics. Companies use several key factors to expand their successes to keep a good position and increase loyal customer base, like differentiating their services, making a strong band name and implementing latest technology and join alliances. Internal Environment SWOT analysis Strengths Member of the Arab alliance, known as Arab Air Carriers Organization promoting cooperation, safety standards among Arab airlines (Arab Air). First airline in Arab World that offers online booking service. Offering long-haul flights, like from US to Dubai. Offering self check-in service for customers at Dubai airport (Emirates expands). At Dubai Air Show 2005, Emirates made an aircraft order of 45 Airbus by 2012 making it the worlds largest purchaser of Airbuss super-jumbo. Providing employees with training, rewards and performance programs, thus reducing labor costs and increasing employees loyalty (People). An official sponsor of 2006 Fifa World Cup, which will increase its brand awareness. It has its own Frequent Flyer Program known as Skywards Miles that shared with Srilankan Airways. It has recently chosen Dexterra Mobile Platform to enable front-office mobile solutions that will enhance customer service interaction (Unisys). It offers training service to other airlines in Middle East which increase its profit. Weaknesses High Operation costs due to huge investment on buying aircrafts and implementing new technologies. Known of its high prices of tickets comparing to other airlines. Not a member of any global alliances (UAE). It doesnt have a hub in Abu Dhabi airport (capital of the UAE). Young airline that was established in 1985 3. Opportunities The income per capita is growing in UAE. Lots of investments will be made by the government of UAE for developing main airports in Dubai and Abu Dhabi. There is an overall growth in the population of the world and in UAE. World Travel Tourism Council forecasts that there will be an annual growth in the number of UAE tourists. There is an expected growth in internet users worldwide and in UAE. Aviation events such as Dubai Air Show promotes for Middle East airlines among other participates world wide airlines and show the growing of aviation industry in Middle East ( Walid). 4. Threats It is located in politically instable region and the terrorism activities have been increased in Middle East recently. Increase of aviation security costs and insurance which increase the operational costs of airlines. The increase of the fuel prices which rise the operational costs. The airline industry might face losses of around $ 3 billion if the oil prices did not reduce. (IATA) New entrants and the raise of low cost airlines. The e-ticking system can be abuse by the hackers or it might be crashed by viruses, this will damage the company database and will cost a lot of money. Passengers can be a threat to the company, as they have a strong power in the airline industry. The natural crises such as the earthquake and hurricane. As mentioned by Al-Arabia channel, Dubai is threatened by an earthquake (2005). This will affect the tourism in this region, which will reflected in the Emirates airline There is a possibility of rapid spread of new acute diseases such as SARS and Bird Flue that affect tourism and airlines. Summary of Internal Environment As external environments, companies should identify its internal factors, namely strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Recognizing that enables companies to improve, overcome weaknesses, handle opportunities as advantages and avoid threats. Emirates Airlines has many strengths, like differentiating from other airlines, as it responses to new technology, such as e-ticketing and self check-in services. An obvious weakness is the high prices of Emirates due to its huge investments in ordering aircrafts. Although it has opportunities (near investments in AD airport and increase of UAE income per capita in UAE.), many threats are concerning it, such as increase of oil prices, low cost airlines and the spread of killer diseases. Following section provides Emirates with the best solution in order to be competitive. Conclusion and Recommendation Is the airline industry an attractive industry? The airline industry is a huge market as there are 900 airlines companies internationally with total of nearly 22,000 aircrafts, nevertheless it has a low growth rates as it is in its mature stage of life cycle. (The economic social benefits of air transport). For any new entry the airline industry is considered to be unattractive, because the demand is low, the competition is strong and the operation costs are increasing. However, for Emirates Airlines it is attractive as its strategy and market position creates a good defense against its competitor. For example, it created a strong brand name and customer loyalty in the market by implementing the latest technologies in its services to be positioned as a pioneer in the airline field. It also achieves high profits yearly as it focuses proficiently to enhance its market position by differentiating in its strategies that would be used to attract customers such as flyer frequent program. Also, it has many chances to overcome with all the obstacles that might occur and affect the airline industry such as political or economical problems, etc. as it is a member in Emirates Group which enables sharing resources and reducing the companys expenses, thus leading the company to protect its position in the market. Overall, Emirates has a great market position plus its a profitable airline which is measured as a competitive advantage, since it has the opportunity to compete and expand its business to gain higher profits. What is Emirates competitive advantage? Emirates Airlines adopts differentiation generic strategy to gain a competitive advantage amongst its competitors by offering the highest quality services in order to be the best company in the market and differentiates from its competitors. For example, Emirates airlines was the first airline that offered TV screen for all aircrafts classes. Also it was the first company in the Middle East to serve the e-ticketing. In addition, it gained a competitive advantage by focusing in new segments in the market. For instance, it provides another airline companies such as Qatar Airways with training courses by using the most modern machines, called plane simulator to be the only company in the Middle East that offers such service. The aim of such changes is to be the leader in industry by increasing the brand name awareness regionally and internationally which will increase the demand and the profit as well. What major issues should Emirates Address? As the Airline industry is in the maturity stage, there is a strong competition between airline firms. Each firm should use offensive strategies besides doing analysis for internal and external factors that may affect its position. The research and analysis for Emirates airlines address following recommendations: The operational cost is increasing due to huge investments of Emirates on aircrafts and services and increase in fuel prices. Emirates should reduce the costs by making operational improvements, namely improving maintenance processes, maintaining high aircraft utilization and making effective flight scheduling. It could also be reduced by investing technology in distribution channels to reduce labor costs. For instance , it is recommended to install more self service kiosks in airports of the destinations of Emirates airline since it has already install ones in Dubai airport. In response to the threat of low cost airlines, Emirates shouldnt lower its fares after years of offering advanced services, instead it has to offer new low cost brand as a subsidiary of Emirates group serving economic travelers who are now customers of new low cost airlines, thus expanding the market share. Extending routes is recommended especially there is a growth in tourism UAE. There are main regions in the world that Emirates do not have routes in, namely Canada, It has to extend destinations worldwide (especially attractive areas). Joining a global alliance enables increasing its destinations, offering more fare options for customers helping to solve problems of new low cost airline. Investigating technology is recommended for improving customer service and Emirates has to sign contract with an e-business company that offers airlines technology solutions. E-CRM strategy is a new technology that Emirates should implement since internet users number is increasing. It allows managing long term relationships with customers (Jiang, 2003). Generally, Emirates should do analysis for internal and external factors and its competitors and develop new strategies to stay competitive in the maturity stage.

Euthanasia †Not Only at Patients Request :: Euthanasia Physician Assisted Suicide

Euthanasia – Not Only at Patient's Request      Ã‚   No indeed, euthanasia and assisted suicide would not only be at a patient's request. This false presumption has been disproven time and again by the practical working-out of euthanasia and assisted suicide in locales where it has been legalized. And yes, there are complications, which are not given great media exposure, but which appear in journals devoted to this debate. It is the intention of this essay to correct these false notions - with copious professional documentation.    As one of their major goals, euthanasia proponents seek to have euthanasia and assisted suicide considered "medical treatment." If one accepts the notion that euthanasia or assisted suicide is a good medical treatment, then it would not only be inappropriate, but discriminatory, to deny this good treatment to a person solely because that person is too young or mentally incapacitated to request it.    The way that the judicial process works in the United States is this: A surrogate's decision is often treated, for legal purposes, as if the patient had made it. That means that, if euthanasia is legal, a court challenge could result in a finding that a surrogate could make a request for death on behalf of a child or an adult who doesn't have decision-making capacity. Legally, this is the way the courts would handle it.    In the Netherlands, a 1990 government-sponsored survey found that .8% of all deaths in the Netherlands were euthanasia deaths that occurred without a request from the patient.(Medical) And in a 1995 study, Dutch doctors reported ending the lives of 948 patients without their request.(Hendin)    Suppose, however, that surrogates were not permitted to choose death for another and that doctors did not end patients' lives without their request. The fact still remains that subtle, even unintended, pressure would still be unavoidable. Such was the case with an elderly woman who died under Oregon's assisted suicide law: Kate Cheney, 85, reportedly had been suffering from early dementia. After she was diagnosed with cancer, her own physician declined to provide a lethal prescription for her. Counseling was sought to determine if she was capable of making health care decisions. A psychiatrist found that Mrs. Cheney was not eligible for assisted suicide since she was not explicitly pushing for it, her daughter seemed to be coaching her to do so, and she couldn't remember important names and details of even a recent hospital stay.

The difference between Classical music and classical music? :: essays research papers

In this essay I am going to look at the differences between Classical music and classical music. There are many differences between the two, one is an era and the other is a type of music. Classical is an era, it is from about 1730 to just after 1800. There are 5 different periods in time (for music), Renaissance, Baroque, Classical, Romantic and Modern (20th Century). At this moment in time, we are still in the Modern period of time even though we are in the 21st, not 20th century. A few people who contributed to the music in the Classical era are: Ludwig van Beethoven, Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. The period that came before the Classical period, the Baroque, was a time of ornamentation and cluttered sounds. The Classical period focused on the opposite types of sounds- music during that period was orderly, uncluttered, well planned and precise. Music was expected to be technically pleasing and grounded in certain traditions and styles that had been "approved" by the public, often quite formal. Composers were seen as workers who were hired to write music that would please their employer. Vienna, Austria was the center of musical activity during the Classical period. Composers traveled from near and far to study with music teachers in Vienna. Vienna was such a hot spot for musicians that a style was even named for much of the music composed during the time: the "Viennese Style." The size of the symphony orchestra was growing, allowing composers to create more complicated pieces calling for new instruments that made unique sounds unheard before this time. Opera remained very popular, as did symphonies (large works with several sections composed for entire orchestras to play), concertos and sonatas (pieces featuring one instrument). Classical music (with a lower case ?c?) is completely different from Classical music (with a capital ?c?), classical music is music that is quite formal, and usually played by an orchestra that has lots of string instruments.

Consumer Brhavior

Culture is the basic values, perceptions, wants, and behaviors, learned by a member of society from family and other Important Institutions. culture Is the most basic cause of a person's wants and behavior. Human behavior is largely learned. Growing up in a society, a child learns basic values, perceptions, wants, and behaviors from the family and other important institutions. A child in the united states normally learns or Is exposed to the following values: achievement and success, activity andInvolvement, efficiency and practically, progress, material comfort, Individualism, freedom, humanitarianism, youthfulness and fitness and health. Culture Is the set of basic values, perceptions, wants and behaviors learned by a member of society from family and other Important institutions. A culture Is the complex of values, ideas, attitudes, and other meaningful symbols created by people to shape human behavior and the artifacts of that behavior as they are transmitted from one generation to the next.Culture is the sum total of learned beliefs, values, and customs that serve to direct he consumer behavior of members of a particular society. It is the fundamental determinant of a person's wants and behavior. culture is an extremely broad and encompassing term which includes what we have learned, our history, values, morals, customs, art and habits. Importance of the cultural study Culture act as a motivator of consumer behavior Culture is the most pervasive external force on an individual's consumption behavior. Marketing executive must consider the importance of cultural setting within which consumer behavior takes place.Culture vary from country to country and as a result onsumption patterns among people vary. Failures to carefully consider cultural differences is often responsible for monumental marketing failures. cultural influences have broad effects on buying behavior because they permeate our daily lives. every groups or society has a culture and cultural infl uences on buying behavior may vary greatly from country to country. Failure to adjust to these differences can result in ineffective marketing or embarrassing mistakes.An understanding of culture is important to you as a marketing manager because it always provides approved specific goal objects for any generalized human want. How people work and play, what they eat, how they eat, how and what they buy are all affected by the cultural traditions and socially developed modes of behavior we can laentl Ty tnree aspects 0T a glven culture . tnese are as Tollows: Culture is a pattern of Behavior Culture is learned Culture is transmitted from one generation to the next. Characteristics of culture The invisible hand of culture: Culture is like the air we breathe. t is so obvious that we cannot escape from it. The impact of culture is so natural and automatic that its influence on behavior is usually taken for granted. Culture satisfies needs: Culture determines the ways of satisfying the h uman needs. Individuals have different types of needs. How these needs will be satisfied is being determined by the culture. Culture is learned: Culture is learned rather programmed genetically. As an individual grows in a particular environment he learns about different aspects of culture through his interaction with other members in the society.Culture is shared: Cultural values, beliefs, norms are shared by the majority of the members of a given culture because they gratify our needs. Culture is dynamic: No culture is static. cultural swings take place. as the environment is changing, culture has to be changed in order to survive. Components of Culture Cognitive component Material component Normative component Cognitive Components: The basic component of any culture is one relating to people's knowledge about the creation and existence of the universe. this aspects is based on either people's observation or on certain factual evidence that they have.Material Component: Another im portant component of any given culture is the material feature of the society. t consists of all the tangible things that human beings make, use and give value to the material component varies from culture to culture as the cognitive component. it is based on the technological state that the society has achieved and understood looking at the artifacts of the society. the artifacts include type of housing where people live, furniture they use, and other material material goods they posses. Normatlve component The other important component of a culture is the normative component.The normative component is composed of the values and norms of the society which uides and regulates behavior. It consists of the values, beliefs and rules by which a society directs people's interactions. Norms are rules and guidelines setting forth proper attitudes and behaviors for specific situations. Cultural Symbolism: A symbol may be defined as the sign or representation of something moral or intellectu al by the images or properties of natural things. Obviously, it is important for marketers to be aware of the symbolic nature of their products and packaging.Different studies on culture identified two types of symbols used by people in ommunicating among them. They are a) Referential symbols b) Expressive symbols Referential symbols are those that mean or indicate specific objects. The word pen for example means item which is used for writing purpose. It is easy for marketers to understand the meaning of referential symbols and as a result they do not face much problem with regards to the referential symbols. Expressive symbols: expressive symbols are those that may carry different meaning to people of different cultures.The meaning of the same expressive symbol may be nterpreted differently by people of different cultures. Thus their meaning are not limited. For example; showing thumb, may mean an appreciation to an american, whereas, the same symbol may carry a negative connotati on to a bangladeshi. Marketers must face a lot of problems with regards to the expressive symbols. Cross-culture Cross cultural study or research is a technique applied for comparing cultures on the basis of similarities and differences as well as studying different segments of a total culture.Cross cultural study is defined as the systematic comparison of similarities nd differences in the material and behavioral aspects of cultures. How to adapt your marketing decisions with other cultures: To be successful in foreign markets, a marketer must adapt his marketing decisions with that of the new cultures. Lot of companies made mistakes and incurred huge loss in overseas markets by following marketing strategies successful in their own cultures. To make appropriate adaptations, number of questions must be asked by a multinational marketer to himself and answers must be sought.Is the geographic area homogeneous with respect to the culture? How does the cultural setting influence or det ermine product and service needs? What needs can this products fill In tnls culture Can enough of the groups needing the product afford the product? What values or patterns of values are relevant to the purchase and use of this product? What is the distribution, political and legal structure concerning the product? In What ways can we communicate about this product? Seeking answers to the above few questions may help marketers to think of adapting their marketing policies in an overseas cultures .